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George Kynoch (1834-1891)

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Kynochs


Good Day this AM

Need of Help----Cant find George Kynoch on the 1851 Census. I know of some of the possibilties as to why, but I would like a second opinion/search if thats possible. He would have been aged 19 years at the time and not married. Am ruling out that he may have been abroad at the time. Thanks
 
Kynochs



Does the name PALEY--associated with the Kynochs works ring a bell with anyone??? Interested to learn more. Thanks
 
Only just come across this. I have a photo of the Kynochs factory, prob. c.1914. can't locate it at present, but I will post it when it surfaces.
 
Re: Kynoch's-Hamstead Hall

Hamstead Hall was demolished in the 1930's. The only bit left of the grounds is now part of the golf course. My gt.grandfather Charles Kirkham was a tenant at Hamstead Hall from c.1881 to c.1886 when he opened the grounds as an entertainment park featuring a fairground and hired circus entertainers. He also exhibited the carcass of a whale which had been washed up, pictures of Hamstead Hall were available on the digital handsworth web site. George Kynoch was at the hall from c.1886 to c.1901. The purchase and upkeep of Hamstead Hall, the election of 1886 and losses from a gun factory made him to go to South Africa where he died in 1901.
Hope this helps fill in some gaps.
 
Thanks for that fascinating information, Sylvia.

There is one area where I would differ, though. My information is that George Kynoch died rather earlier, in 1891. In 1888 he had been forced out of the Company which he founded and not long afterwards went off to South Africa where he died in some poverty only a year or two later. His marriage seems to have broken down and perhaps the family continued to live in the same house, even up until 1901.

It looks as though he must have taken over the Hall from your great-grandfather. In his final period in the Company he alienated other directors in various ways, not least his outside interests which included chairmanship of Aston Villa and being elected M.P. for Aston; and, no doubt, a desire to run the Company which he had founded in a way which he chose (which was bringing it to its knees). As a result he was eased out. I have yet to see an explanation as to why he appeared to have little money in South Africa. Perhaps it had all gone on the house.

A remarkable man, as, by the sound of it, was your great grandfather too.

Chris
 
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George Kynoch (b 1834 Peterhead - d 1891 South Africa) created and developed the business bearing his own name at Witton. This became a huge manufacturer of ammunition and other products and still exists today as IMI plc., although based elsewhere and with a completely different product range. George left the Company under a cloud in the 1880s and died in self-imposed exile in South Africa. His wife and children remained in Birmingham for an unknown period.

Amongst the Company ventures in the 1890s was a completely new explosives factory in Essex, named Kynochtown. I am in contact with someone who is involved in some work to commemorate this long defunct factory and site. She is anxious to make contact with ANY descendant of George.

I know it's a long shot, but does any member have any information which could help in this quest? Does any of the genealogical research carried out by members give any clue as to what happened to this family (whose head was for a long period one of the most prominent industrialists in the city)? Would any of the databases accessible to members lead us anywhere?

Thanks for any help.

Chris
 
Chris, this is a bit of a fruitless search as George Kynoch had one daughter.She remained in England when her father went to South Africa.
She married William Chas. Dudley Smith in 1889 and they had no children.
 
Many thanks for that, Alberta. It certainly appears to put the kybosh on any thought of tracing a direct descendant. (It seems that the final tragedy of George's decline was that ill health and geography made a reunion with his family impossible and even precluded his presence at his daughter, Gertrude's, 1889 wedding. He died in February 1891, in exile and comparative poverty).

George was a towering figure in Birmingham industrial history, building up a huge company and travelling to all parts of the world. He was known at the Russian, Turkish and Rumanian courts and was on nodding terms with the Czar, the Sultan of Turkey and officials of high rank in China, Japan, Australia and various American and European states. His aura must have been one of power, wealth, energy and success. And it is possible that he, like countless successful men throughout the years, was red-blooded and irresistibly attractive to the fairer sex.

Far be it for me to attempt to sully the character and memory of such an incredible man. But in the light of the dead-end concerning descendants I should report hearing stories about him when I first joined the successor to his Company in the late 1950s. These stories were already at least second-hand by then and were told with a bit of a nod and a wink, and perhaps the trace of a snigger. They involved the weekly line-up of employees to receive their pay. Notable were a number of ladies who never appeared in any role within the factory other than the collection of a weekly wage. The inference was obvious. And I suppose that if you take that inference to its logical conclusion, it means that there could in fact be descendants still in Birmingham, possibly wholly unaware of their ancestry.

But we'll never know the truth of all that.

Chris
 
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George Kynoch (1834-1891): Part 1, George Kynoch comes to Witton (1834-1865)

There are many mentions of George Kynoch in association with the Witton munition works, Kynoch's and the IMI, and a few about the man himself. In my opinion he should not be glorified, and should take his place amongst the infamous men associated with Birmingham. I have split the story into a few parts as I believe there are several inaccuracies that have appeared in books written about the history of Kynoch's relating to the period of George Kynoch's life. Some books of course written by people with an interest in the firm after his death, who may pass over a few skeletons.

There is a quick history of Kynoch's on the Staffordshire Home Guard site, and often quoted is a book called "Under Five Flags," but this I believe to be written by IMI for IMI.

George Kynoch was born in 1834 in Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, and was the son of a tailor. It is said that he came from humble origins, but his parents had enough finance to provide a reasonable education when other young boys were down the pits. Kynoch obtained work in an Insurance office in Glasgow before moving to a bank in Worcester. He then moved to a larger bank in Birmingham.

In 1856 he went to work for Messrs Pursall and Phillips the percussion cap manufacturer at Whiittall Street in central Birmingham. It is unclear what roll he undertook, but strangely it was in that year that Pursall acquired the company from a Mr Armstrong.

In 1859 the factory at Whittall Street was destroyed and 19 of the 70 present, mostly women and girls, were killed. The was an extensive coverage in the Press of the explosion and rescue attempts. The two Messrs Phillips were present in the building and escaped unhurt, also Mr Pursall who took part in the rescue attempts. There is no mention of George Kynoch, however there is a reference to extra staff being taken on to provide the Turkish Government with 18 million caps!

The ODNB says..."by September 1861 Pursall had acquired the lease of 4 acres of land at Witton in the parish of Handsworth, 3 miles north-west of Birmingham. The area was thinly populated and was close to the River Tame and the Grand Junction Railway, so ideally suited for this rapidly developing industry. In 1862 work was conducted in two wooden sheds, the staff consisting of twelve girls supervised by Kynoch; after a short while the lease was conveyed to him. On 3 February 1863 he married Helen, the daughter of Samuel Birley, a well-to-do jeweller at Edgbaston, from whom he later separated. Aided perhaps by capital from his father-in-law as well as his own ability, Kynoch's business prospered and by 1864 Kynoch & Co. had obtained contracts for the supply of ammunition to the war department and the Turkish government."

Was Kynoch's role in the Company mainly financial? Here are a few more facts that raise more questions about the timing and events stated above.

In 1862 there was another explosion at a cap works in Graham Street, again involving mercury. There were calls for the manufacturing of these explosives be moved from populated areas, and in the discussion Messrs Pursall and Co were mentioned as being in Hampton Street. In fact George Kynoch answered a query for the Royal Commission on the question of employment of children in the percussion cap industry, he was termed a partner in Messrs Pursall Co. Did the Phillips move out when he moved in?

We see that George Kynoch was married in February 1863, and some of the capital may have led to the announcement in December 1863 that the partnership between William Pursall and George Kynoch, in the firm W Pursall and Co, 45 Hampton Street, would be dissolved. The business would be carried on by George Kynoch.

It was after the Graham Street explosion in June of 1862 that a decision was made by the Government that workshops, where there was a danger of explosion, should be moved 3 or 4 miles. In April 1865 a government report said that the four Birmingham Percussion cap manufacturers had moved to Greet and Witton. Along with cartridge manufacturers they employed 123 adults, 54 young persons, and 18 children, a total of 196. Of these 180 were females.

There are a few things from this early period that reoccur time and again in connection with George Kynoch. Firstly the employment of women and young girls. Up to 1891 there was no great call on men to fight for their country, Kynoch employed women and children because they were cheap. From the report of the Whittall Street explosion the Press reports the reaction of those nearby..."understanding at once that what had often been predicted had now really occurred."

Similar words will again be used, but I don't suppose George Kynoch paid much notice.
 
George Kynoch (1834-1891): Part 2, (1865-1877)

I cannot find George Kynoch in the 1861 census, but a progression can be seen after this date. In February 1863, on his marriage to Helen, he was put as living in Francis Road, Edgbaston. In 1871 he is down as Cinder Hill Lane with wife Helen, daughter Gertrude, a governess and 3 servants. In 1881 down he is living in Bloomfield House, Wellhead Lane, Handsworth, with wife Helen, and sometime around 1884 he resided in Hamstead Hall. (Probably rented as it was up To Let in July 1884)

The Oxford Dictionary of National Biographies goes on to say....

"The cartridge made of coiled brass strip and developed by Colonel Boxer, superintendent in the royal laboratory, was giving trouble and the war department wished to replace it. Kynoch, in partnership with his manager, William Whitehill, filed a patent on 1 April 1868 for improvements in cartridge construction, namely, to make the case of solid drawn brass. The Lion Works, as it became known, at Witton by now comprised large workshops and well-spaced loading sheds;

Kynoch's love of speculation led him into cash flow problems and in 1870 he sold his rights to the Witton land for £8000, only to buy them back two years later with 19 acres of freehold land adjoining for £9000. The firm's rapid expansion in such a hazardous trade was not accompanied by the close attention to safe procedures that it deserved and there were four serious accidents in two years, the last in November 1870. The manufacture of ammunition, including copper percussion caps for cartridges, continued and by the late 1870s orders for up to 150 million were being handled. In 1877 Kynoch leased a metal-rolling mill in Water Street and so could control the quality of his cartridge brass."

In December 1867 there were the "Fenian arrests" in London, two prisoners Burke and Casey were charged with treason-felony and the Press commented "Important evidence from Birmingham.."

George Kynoch gave evidence saying he was a percussion cap and ammunition maker, and general firearms dealer of 45, Little Hampton Street. He knew the prisoner Burke, but not by name. He had met Burke who led him to believe he represented a mercantile firm. In the first lot he supplied 250,000 percussion caps and 40 of Lemaitre and Gerard 10-shooter revolvers at around £385....Kynoch had said that he obtained the revolvers from different manufacturers and were examined at his office....in all he may have sold Burke 657 revolvers from 1865 to 1866, at a cost of £1,972 of which all but £18 had been paid, invariably, in cash. There were also rifles and implements....cross examination of Kynoch was deferred.

In May 1868 Burke came up for trial at the Old Bailey and was sentenced to 15 years penal servitude.

In July 1869 George Kynoch arrived back from Russia with contracts, but he runs into financial difficulties which resulted in a file for liquidation; assets are put at around £40,000 and liabilities around £60,000. He received assistance from John Abraham, who entered into partnership, but later the partnership was disolved and Kynoch was back in charge.

To say that the expansion of the firm was not accompanied by the close attention to safe procedures that it deserved seems to be something of an understatement. The four serious accidents in two years, the last in November 1870, are well-documented, but there were numerous other accidents before and after. Looking at the main accidents shows that the work force was mainly women and young girls, a few of whom did not tell their parents they worked there. There were cases of women getting paid two weeks in arrears in order to prevent them leaving.

The Birmingham Post of 10 December 1870 reports that between 12 and 1.00pm on the previous day several thunderous roars were heard one after another. Residents in the vicinity of Witton knew too well the meaning of those reverberating peals...They recollected the dismal record of bloody sacrifices to the Moloch who had fixed his seat of worship amongst them, they pressaged one more melancholy chapter to the already sickening list.."Another explosion at the Catridge Factory." (This refers to the explosion at Ludlow's and it is thought that Kynoch had interests also in that factory, but out of the kindness of his heart he allowed his staff an extension of their dinner time to go to the funeral.)

(In April 1873 George Kynoch was summoned for illegal storage of ammunition without license. And January 1883 for 8 cases of breaching Explosive Act 1875, but penalties were minimal.)

On the 12 December the Post quotes the Pall Mall Gazette...

IS IT CULPABLE HOMICIDE...Even Mr Bruce (Home Secretary) will hardly be able to resist the cogency of the argument which is supplied by the 17 deaths which are reported to have already occurred as a result of this disaster, and will at last recognise the need for Government inspection of these factories. The presence of a stove in the middle of a shed where gunpowder work is carried out indicates that the arrangements were culpably defective. Indeed, the materials for what is the fashion to call an "accident" on a large scale seem to have been provided...a more favourable combination for a disaster could not well be contrived...and we may add, for Mr Bruce's information that the want of proper arrangements for the safety of the workforce is in many of the private cartridge factories of the kingdom, if not in the majority, simply scandalous.
 
George Kynoch (1834-1891): Part 3 Final, (1877-1901)

In 1884 George Kynoch and Co became a limited company with George Kynoch remaining as the Managing Director with salary of £500 a year, he received £60,000 in cash, £10,000 in preference shares and £40,000 in ordinary shares. It is at this point that he probably moved to Hamstead Hall. Also in this year there is an entry in Kelly's Directory showing that as well as the Lion Works at Witton, Kynoch's have a depot in Whittall Street, where the 1859 explosion took place.

It is said that George Kynoch lived in great style at Hamstead Hall, and became president of Aston Villa Football Club. In 1886 he was elected Conservative MP for Aston Manor, and at an obviously staged celebration, from his carriage he had the cheek to lecture to the crowd...

...Gladstone had ignored his experienced friends, but he had consulted with men who were well known to be friends of assassins, and also, according to a report which he had seen, the accuracy of which he had no reason to question, falling in with the views of the American Fenian party. When they found this sort of thing going on it was time for every honest Englishman to speak out and remove effectually from power one who would had used his influence so perniciously against the welfare of this country. They were many questions which required dealing with before the Irish question. He should ask Parliament to consider what could be done to prevent the falling off in trade in England. That was the justice he wanted for England. Ireland could wait.

(He also proclaimed, during his canvassing, that if the Ulstermen rebel against Home Rule he would give then 10,000 riles and 2,000,000 rounds of ammunition...no doubt using the money raised from arms sales to the Fenians!)

After the first year of the Limited Company things began to go wrong and in March 1887 a Government contract for 10,000,000 cartridges from 1885, is rejected 20% being defective due to inferior workmanship. Pressure built on George Kynoch to resign, and he did so in October 1888 siting ill-health.

ODNB says "He himself, by then a very sick man, left England for South Africa in 1890. He died in comparative poverty at Johannesburg, on 28 February 1891, and was buried there the following month."

This is incorrect according to the report of his death in March 1901. In the November 1898, he went to South Africa, where he obtained special concessions from the Transvaal Government in respect of the introduction and manufacture of arms and ammunition. He also occupied himself wth various enterprises in the gold mining industry. Early last year (1890) his effects at Hamstead Hall were sold, along with founding shares in Kynoch's. His last occupation was said to be as a storekeeper selling guns and ammunition in Johannesburg.

George Kynoch had not resigned as an MP and in February 1890 at Aston Liberal meeting the Chair said those who had read the Daily Post would have seen a great deal said about George Kynoch from Aston...Mr Kynoch was enjoying himself in Joberg. It was a great thing for Mr Kynoch to have MP after his name, and he for one would never believe he would come back to Aston until someone had seen him in the Manor...Kynoch was disgusting a lot of people, and the more he disgusted the better for the Liberals...instead of protesting against him they should give him a vote of thanks... the next best thing to having a Liberal MP was having the worst possible Tory member.

The Conservatives regretted the continued absence of Kynoch and his lengthened stay in South Africa practically disenfranchised the borough...he had not written to explain...two unofficial letters had been published which had said he hoped to be back for the opening of the Parliamentry session.

March 1890 in the house it was noted he had been away 18 months, since November 1888, and for some months new he would not recover from illness. From Mrs Kynoch we learn that on the 16 May last (1890) he took his passage to return, but was detained by litigation concerning some mines in which he was interested. He again tried in September but internal cancer eventually caused his death. There was a great deal of sympathy in Aston for Mrs Kynoch.

It is really a sad story that so many should suffer in the production of articles, that in themselves, would inflict suffering on others. In respect of the poor souls that lie in Witton Cemetery the beginnings of Kynoch's cannot be glorified, but Kynoch's went on and in September 1900 Lloyd George says "it should not be called Kynoch as the Chamberlain family have £150,000 in shares
 
Hi Pedro. The George Kynoch thread was only yesterday reformed from other threads as part of the tidying up of all the Kynoch threads. So that was probably why it was previously difficult to find it via a search.

I've now copied your useful information to this thread. ( I've left a copy on the 'Infamous' thread too).

Viv.
 
I imagine am am far too late to contribute to this thread as I've just joined. But I am fascinated by the earlierquestions about Gertrude Helen Kynoch. I am related to William Charles Dudley Smith who married Gertrude. His parents were well known, and well off, in Birmingham, being residents of Park Hill House Hamstead, which no longer exisits. Wm divorced Gertrude for adultery, but her co-respondent lover died during the proceedings. William had to pay maintenance though, despite the fault being hers, as was the rule then. I believe she did join the circus but she was a horsewoman (perhaps that was the attraction) and she took up with a groom. They had no children. William who came from a printing and engraving background, bucked the trend and became a farmer, which is probably how he met Helen, with the connection to horses.
 
Welcome pottypainter. Never too late to contribute ! All comments welcome as it builds a history for us all to enjoy. What an interesting life Gertrude must have led. Thanks for contributing. Viv.
 
Sad news from March 1848...death, after a few days illness, 19 year old Jane Louisa, youngest daughter of Mr Richard Lovekin, boat builder of Morville St.
RIP

[edit....replaced on the Canal Boats Tread]
 
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Coming to this George Kynoch thread well after the main discussion has taken place. I have found the past contributions interesting but also confusing and occasionally unsettling. George Kynoch was to play a big part in the Dooley family history in the second half of the 19th. C . I am a direct descendant of that family, my great grandmother being the sister of Mrs. McNab of percussion cap fame at the Witton Ammunition works. I would like to separate fact from fiction if anyone is interested in re-opening the discussion.
 
Peter William Middleton said:
Coming to this George Kynoch thread well after the main discussion has taken place. I have found the past contributions interesting but also confusing and occasionally unsettling. George Kynoch was to play a big part in the Dooley family history in the second half of the 19th. C . I am a direct descendant of that family, my great grandmother being the sister of Mrs. McNab of percussion cap fame at the Witton Ammunition works. I would like to separate fact from fiction if anyone is interested in re-opening the discussion.
Click to expand...

Please do.
 
Yes, please do so, Peter. Mrs. McNab is a legendary figure in Kynoch history and it would be fascinating to know more about her.

Chris
 
Mrs McNab......an article from the Birmingham Post of May 1962. Interesting that GK is again mentioned as the founder of the Company, and also that he subcontracted work out.

A great reputation for safety from 1872 to 1902 ?


547F525C-1E81-4ED2-93B9-3BE0198580E3.jpeg
 
There was an Inquest in November 1886 concerning a fatal explosion at Kynoch. Mrs McNab appeared as a witness and was described as a primer. She had known the deceased for about 7 years, and described him as a steady sober man who understood his business, and that she and George Kynoch had every confidence in him.
 
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I've just been alerted to this thread by email. Probably not of great interest but my family (Smith, Printers of Birmingham) have touched on the Kynoch family in that Gertrude Helen Kynoch married William Charles Dudley Smith in 1889, a member of my family and they lived at Hamstead Mill. He divorced her due to her adultery, but her lover died before the decree absolute. William still had to pay her maintenance despite the fault being on her side and there were no children. I understand that Gertrude became a circus performer, an equestrian and finally "married" or set up home with Fred Kidd, a groom. Another crossing of paths was when another member of the family, before 1869, gave up his tenancy of Broomfield House, Handsworth and the tenant who followed was George Kynoch.
 
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With regard to George Kynoch - I have not seen reference made (although I may have missed it) by anyone to the obituary in Birmingham Faces and Places Volume III No. 12 April 1st, 1891 page 176f.

When George arrived in South Africa he seemed to have been quite determined to make to recover his position. There are copious newspaper reports of complaints from his constituents in Aston Manor that he was becoming financially successful but neglecting his duties as an MP. Birmingham archives have a copy of a letter sent from Pretoria July 12 1889 which the Aston Manor Conservative association distributed by DW Probert the Hon Sec saying The committee have much pleasure in sending you a copy of the following interesting and important letter recently received. In it George begins "I regret that I shall not be able to come home in time for this session, I am glad however to see that the government are going on successfully. Had there been any doubt of this, I should either have given up my seat, or sacrificed everything and come home. I have no intention of giving up Aston Manor, without another contest. He assures them that "My health is much improved" and goes on to state "The information I have gained will be very valuable to the working classes in England, and I trust I may return at an early day, and give them the full benefit of all I know.
"I have sent some good orders home for the Birmingham Gun Trade and Cartridge makers since I came here.
The Boers have plenty of money now and they are fond of rifles and cartridges. I do not think there is any fear of war, but they are wiser than the English, they wish to have something in store, now they have the means to pay for them.
There is a hint of other opportunities he has in mind when later in the letter he observes "The mines are being steadily developed, and new ones found out. building goes on apace, almost as if no depression existed. All this means work for people at home, and chances for those who venture abroad. "
I will return to the Dooley family connection to all this on my next visit.
 
Peter William Middleton said:
With regard to George Kynoch - I have not seen reference made (although I may have missed it) by anyone to the obituary in Birmingham Faces and Places Volume III No. 12 April 1st, 1891 page 176f.

When George arrived in South Africa he seemed to have been quite determined to make to recover his position. There are copious newspaper reports of complaints from his constituents in Aston Manor that he was becoming financially successful but neglecting his duties as an MP. Birmingham archives have a copy of a letter sent from Pretoria July 12 1889 which the Aston Manor Conservative association distributed by DW Probert the Hon Sec saying The committee have much pleasure in sending you a copy of the following interesting and important letter recently received. In it George begins "I regret that I shall not be able to come home in time for this session, I am glad however to see that the government are going on successfully. Had there been any doubt of this, I should either have given up my seat, or sacrificed everything and come home. I have no intention of giving up Aston Manor, without another contest. He assures them that "My health is much improved" and goes on to state "The information I have gained will be very valuable to the working classes in England, and I trust I may return at an early day, and give them the full benefit of all I know.
"I have sent some good orders home for the Birmingham Gun Trade and Cartridge makers since I came here.
The Boers have plenty of money now and they are fond of rifles and cartridges. I do not think there is any fear of war, but they are wiser than the English, they wish to have something in store, now they have the means to pay for them.
There is a hint of other opportunities he has in mind when later in the letter he observes "The mines are being steadily developed, and new ones found out. building goes on apace, almost as if no depression existed. All this means work for people at home, and chances for those who venture abroad. "
I will return to the Dooley family connection to all this on my next visit.
Click to expand...

Thanks for the further information on George Kynoch’s time in South Africa
 
The newspaper report from the Birmingham Post of 1962 (Post 50) may have been taken from the ICI book, Under Five Flags, written to celebrate the centenary of Kynoch (1862-1962).

Mrs S McNab is said to have been made a forewomen in 1872. As she retired in 1902 with 40 yrs service it would suggest that she joined in 1862 at the age of 12, and would therefore be one of the first employees at Witton.

Taking the period 1862 to 1872, just before Mrs McNab is said to have been a forewoman, the safety record at Kynoch was pretty dismal. After a fatal explosion in October 1866, the Post states, “the frequency of explosions at this manufactory would certainly at first sight lead to the supposition that there was probably some culpable want of precautions.” (At this time it was reported that there were 60 employed at Witton)

After an explosion just prior to the tragic disaster of 1870, the Post reports that it was the 6th within a short period of time.

At the Inquest in January 1871, following disaster in late 1870, George Kynoch was called to appear. One of questions asked was about contract work and he informed the Coroner that there was very little at Witton. This would bring into question the assertion that Mrs McNab may have been self employed.

Also below from 1871 is a report of a 14 year old boy who was working at Kynoch, charged with gross carelessness. Fined £5 or two months hard labour.

C3CBF838-7651-4FCC-BF3E-C22BC1634C66.jpeg
 
In June 1886 the Birmingham and Aston Chronicle make critical comment on George Kynoch’s speech at a Conservative meeting. They highlight his dislike of the Irish.

Post 40 describes how he mistakenly supplied guns and ammunition to the Fenians.

6DA5E7BD-0929-49C8-97DC-AF07AEB56C5E.jpegCEEDF345-9CF4-4DF1-BB82-6CDC9ECA4E60.jpeg
 
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