I have read with great interest the thread on the Birmingham Workhouse.
The parish was the main administrative body for local services until the nineteenth century. It was responsible for law & order, upkeep of roads and the poor. They were run by people who could read, write and keep accounts.
Parliament imposed duties on the parishes. It made them responsible for collecting
voluntary monies to look after the poor in 1536. In 1601, after several acts about the poor, Parliament made each parish fully responsible for looking after the poor of their parish and
allowed parishes to levy a rate to fund this. These duties would remain largely unchanged until the nineteenth century and the passing of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834, which
allowed parishes to join together and build a “union” workhouse.
Let us not forget that the “poor law administration” was controlled by the rich and the powerful. On paper the aims were laudable; the reality was often different. In many cases it was simply a question of keeping the costs of looking after the poor to a minimum. Workhouses were a way of providing for the poor at a central location at the minimum cost; a policy continued by building Union Workhouses. They were horrible places.
This is a quote from “Historic UK” which sums it up much better than I ever could:
The Victorian Workhouse was an institution that was intended to provide work and shelter for poverty stricken people who had no means to support themselves. With the advent of the Poor Law system, Victorian workhouses, designed to deal with the issue of pauperism, in fact became prison systems detaining the most vulnerable in society.
The harsh system of the workhouse became synonymous with the Victorian era, an institution which became known for its terrible conditions, forced child labour, long hours, malnutrition, beatings and neglect. It would become a blight on the social conscience of a generation leading to opposition from the likes of the Charles Dickens. [https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Victorian-Workhouse/]