As mentioned above, case hardening was to make the outer skin of iron and steel parts as hard as glass whilst the inside remained soft and therefore retained strength. Used for moving parts of machinery, guns and all sorts of parts. Many gunsmiths had secret recipes involving various forms of carbon often including bone dust, this left a lovely rainbow effect on gun parts and the process involved 'soaking' the parts at red heat for many hours according to the depth of hardness required.
I still have a tin of Kasenit from when I did gun making and it's a black powder and you just dip red hot parts into it and it fuses all over the metal. It's not now possible to buy it in the UK as it's rather toxic :redface:
EDIT:
KASENIT No.1 contains Potassium Cyanide and Sodium Cyanide as well as Carbon.:explode: